Formula Approaches for Market Access Negotiations

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Trade Liberalization in the Doha Development Round (2005, background): “…3.7 3.6 17 0 1.9 1.4 5 0 −47.7 Japan 2.3 3.4 30.9 0 1.2 1.4 5.6 0 −48.5 United States 3.2 4.3 37.5 0 1.7 1.6 6.1 0 −48.3 Brazil 15.9 6 35 14.9 13.5 4.2 16.7 1.9 −15.4 India 19.2 16.5 40 3.9 11.3 9.2 30.5 0.3 −41.3 Thailand 10.5 10.8 80 7.8 7.2 6.1 20.7 2 −31.6 Source: Francois and Martin (2003).”
Consequences of Alternative Formulas for Agricultural Tariff Cuts (2005, background): “Tariff data sets based only on the conventional ad valorem elements of tariffs lead to misleading estimates, such as a weighted-average, most-favored-nation (MFN) tariff of 6.2 percent for Japanese agriculture reported in Francois and Martin (2003).”