Electrochemiluminescence of water-soluble carbon nanocrystals released electrochemically from graphite.

By Liyan Zheng, Yuwu Chi, Yongqing Dong, Jianpeng Lin, Binbin Wang. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2009

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The photoluminescence mechanism in carbon dots (graphene quantum dots, carbon nanodots, and polymer dots): current state and future perspective (2015, background): “Other “top-down” cutting routes include electrochemistry [32, 33], hydrothermal/solvothermal/special oxidation [30, 34], metal–graphite intercalation [35], and strong physical routes, such as arc discharge [36], laser ablation [37], and nanolithography by reactive ion etching (RIE) [38, 39].”
A review on syntheses, properties, characterization and bioanalytical applications of fluorescent carbon dots (2016, methodology): “Notably, raw C-dots prepared bymost of the methods, such as pyrolytic process, chemical oxidation, are generally not fluorescent or fluorescence quantum yields are low [38], limiting the applications of the C-dots.”
Luminescence origin of carbon based dots obtained from citric acid and amino group-containing molecules (2017, background): “It has been proposed that the ECL spectrum of CDs reflects the defect state energy levels of CDs [40,41].”