Cold winter microenvironments conserve energy and improve overwintering survival and potential fecundity of the goldenrod gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis

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Heat stress and the fitness consequences of climate change for terrestrial ectotherms (2013, background): “However, in some temperate insects, high winter temperatures can decrease survival of overwintering diapause stages (Han & Bauce 1997; Irwin & Lee 2003; Hahn & Denlinger 2011).”
Meeting the energetic demands of insect diapause: nutrient storage and utilization. (2007, background): “Evidence for reduced costs of diapause at lower overwintering temperatures have been identified in the gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis (Irwin and Lee, 2000, 2003), and in the rose galling wasp, Diplolepis spinosa (Williams et al., 2003).”
Up or down in space? Uniting the bottom-up versus top-down paradigm and spatial ecology (2007, background): “…vary in space, as is illustrated for example by spatial variation in survival due to variation in microclimatic conditions (Andresen et al. 2001, Irwin and Lee 2003), or spatial variation in abiotic conditions affecting resource selection and thus distribution of herbivorous insects (Roy and…”