Ray optics, Fermat's principle, and applications to general relativity

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Gravitational Lensing in Presence of Plasma: Strong Lens Systems, Black Hole Lensing and Shadow (2017, methodology): “The exact gravitational lens equation in spherically symmetric and static space-times was considered by Perlick [60].”
Frequency-dependent effects of gravitational lensing within plasma (2015, methodology): “We follow the method and notation of Synge (1960), and review the derivation of Tsupko & Bisnovatyi-Kogan (2013) to find the generalized trajectories of photons in the presence of an isotropic, inhomogeneous plasma distribution, though more general possibilities exist (Perlick 2000).”
Gravitational lensing in the Kerr-Randers optical geometry (2012, methodology): “Then, by Fermat’s principle in general relativity (see Perlick [13] for a discussion of the general case and applications), spatial light rays are curves which, starting at a fixed light emission event, are selected by stationary arrival time at the observer.”