Evaluation of the efficacy of Steinernema carpocapsae in a chitosan formulation against the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, in Phoenix canariensis

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An overview on the natural enemies of Rhynchophorus palm weevils, with focus on R. ferrugineus (2014, background): “The use of chitosan as adjuvant can protect nematodes, particularly S. carpocapsae, from environmental conditions, increasing the length of efficacy period of this natural enemy (Llácer et al., 2009; Dembilio et al., 2010b).”
Review on the management of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus olivier in date palm Phoenix dactylifera L (2016, background): “In Spain however on the canary island palm, application of the EPN Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) in semi-fi eld trials proved effective against R. ferrugineus with effi cacies of up to 98% and 80%, in both preventive and curative assays, respectively (Llácer et al., 2009).”
Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Back to the future. (2015, methodology): “…of a sprayable gel that is commonly used for protecting structures from fire (Shapiro-Ilan et al., 1669 2010b), and S. carpocapsae treatments resulted in high levels of suppression of the red palm 1670 weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus when applied in a chitosan formulation (Llàcer et al., 2009).”