Grazing damage and encrustation by an invasive bryozoan reduce the ability of kelps to withstand breakage by waves

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Hurricane-mediated defoliation of kelp beds and pulsed delivery of kelp detritus to offshore sedimentary habitats (2012, background): “…loss of canopy cover during a single storm event is comparable to that recorded during major defoliation events associated with usual sea conditions or outbreaks of the invasive bryozoan Membranipora membranacea, which encrusts kelp and in creases rates of blade breakage (Krumhansl et al. 2011).”
The role of kelp species as biogenic habitat formers in coastal marine ecosystems (2017, background): “…storminess and physical disturbance may 748 interact with other environmental change factors, such as climate-driven range shifts of species 749 (Smale and Vance, 2015) or the spread of non-native species (Krumhansl et al., 2011), to further 750 drive alterations or loss of biogenic habitat.”
Can macroalgae contribute to blue carbon? An Australian perspective (2015, background): “Seasonality in alternation of generations, fragmentation and dislodgment (Thomsen et al. 2004; McKenzie and Bellgrove 2009; Krumhansl et al. 2011) of macroalgae all contribute to high turnover of macroalgal biomass.”