Ultra-thin plasmonic optical vortex plate based on phase discontinuities

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Sub-Wavelength Grating Lenses With a Twist (2014, background): “Recently several groups [9]–[12] have started exploring a”
Metasurfaces and their applications (2018, methodology): “Proof of concept was further demonstrated by creating eight equal pie slices comprising each one of the nanorods in the correct order to provide a continuous phase gradient, creating an optical vortex with each slice providing a 45° shift [130, 131].”
Giant birefringence in optical antenna arrays with widely tailorable optical anisotropy (2012, unknown): “Es;vðωÞ 1⁄4 DðrÞ E0 2 sinð2θÞω21⁄2 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Γs;x p ~ xðωÞeiπ þ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Γs;y p ~ yðωÞ ; [5] where we assumed that DxðrÞ ≈DyðrÞ 1⁄4 DðrÞ, which is true for light emitted approximately normal to the orientation of the two oscillators.”
A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications (2016, background): “from a Gaussian beam [12, 65], resulting in optical singularity at the beam center and a helicoidal equalphase wavefront carrying orbital angular momentum.”