Dependence of indium–tin–oxide work function on surface cleaning method as studied by ultraviolet and x-ray photoemission spectroscopies

By K. Sugiyama, H. Ishii, Y. Ouchi, K. Seki. 2000

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Polymer- and carbon-based electrodes for polymer solar cells: Toward low-cost, continuous fabrication over large area (2012, background): “ITO is commonly manufactured with a high throughput by sputtering or e-beam evaporation, in a high-vacuum, high-temperature, energy-costly process, and with significant differences of its properties from batch to batch [33–35].”