Effects of long-term microgravity exposure on cancellous and cortical weight-bearing bones of cosmonauts.

By L. Vico, P. Collet, A. Guignandon, M. Lafage-Proust, T. Thomas, M. Réhailia, C. Alexandre. The Lancet, 2000

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From space to Earth: advances in human physiology from 20 years of bed rest studies (1986–2006) (2007, background): “…et al. 1990; Eser et al. 2004), after anterior cruciate ligament injury (Sievanen et al. 1994a; Leppala et al. 1999), and also during bed rest (Donaldson et al. 1970; LeBlanc et al. 1990b; Zerwekh et al. 1998) and spaceflight (Vogel and Whittle 1976; Oganov et al. 1992; Vico et al. 2000a).”
Cortical and Trabecular Bone Mineral Loss From the Spine and Hip in Long‐Duration Spaceflight (2004, background): “The higher percentage loss of trabecular bone in the proximal femur is consistent with previous findings in spaceflight,((5)) in hindlimb unloading,((4)) and in spinal cord injury,((12)) which show accelerated loss of trabecular bone at distal femoral and tibial sites.”
Back to the Moon: The scientific rationale for resuming lunar surface exploration (2012, background): “Such processes may in part explain observed gravity-dependent changes in cellular growth, proliferation and regeneration (Sonnenfeld and Shearer, 2002; Borchers, et al., 2002), organisation (Vico et al., 2000), and healing (Davidson et al., 1999; Radek et al., 2008).”
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand and osteoprotegerin regulation of bone remodeling in health and disease. (2008, neutral): “Astronauts lose significant cortical and cancellous bone mass within the first few months of spaceflight (274) and exhibit cortical thinning”