Stable, self-healing hydrogels from nanofibrillated cellulose, poly(vinyl alcohol) and borax via reversible crosslinking

By S. Spoljaric, A. Salminen, N. D. Luong, J. Seppälä. 2014

308 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Abstract Hydrogels were prepared by blending nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and borax. NFC was incorporated to alter the non-Newtonian behaviour and flow properties of the PVA–borax crosslinked system. The hybrid hydrogels maintained their shape and form under low stress, indicating enhanced material stability. Furthermore, hydrogels exhibited self-healing ability, being able to be broken apart and re-formed manually into a single continuous piece without additional external stimuli. This behaviour was attributed to the break-down and reformation of hydrogen bonds within the hydrogel. NFC fibrils contributed towards enhancing gel content and retarding swelling, essentially restricting segmental motion and water penetration. Increasing borax content had a similar effect due to closer PVA chain proximity and higher crosslink density. Compressive mechanical properties were enhanced with additions of up to 40 wt% NFC and increased borax concentrations, while creep was retarded due to the influence of NFC on flow and viscosity and greater chain restrictions via crosslinking at increased borax loadings. Both PVA:borax complexes (crosslinking) and hydrogen bonding contribute to the mechanical performance of the hydrogels. Concentrations of NFC above 40 wt% diminished structural properties, due to the nanofibrils preventing effective crosslinking and disrupting the network structure of the hydrogels.

Subfields: Biomaterials, Molecular Medicine

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3ca9e8211e56420df260793712842bb4c126bbdc

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In Biomaterials

1. S. Tanpichai
2. Y. Ching
3. L. Abdullah
4. B. Tan
5. S. Poh
6. S. Gan
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8. Aji P. Mathew

In Molecular Medicine

1. S. Tanpichai
2. Kristiina Oksman

Citations in the corpus

• Cross-linked nanocomposite hydrogels based on cellulose nanocrystals and PVA: Mechanical properties and creep recovery (2016, methodology): “The equilibrium swelling ratio (S) was calculated using the following equation [3, 5]:”
• A Review of Natural Fiber Reinforced Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Based Composites: Application and Opportunity (2015, background): “On the other hand, some researchers applied chemical treatment on the natural fibers as an alternative approach to improve the mechanical properties of the composites [50,51].”