Long-term separate and combined effects of environmental hypercapnia and hyperoxia in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts

By C. D. Hosfeld, A. Engevik, T. Mollan, T. Lunde, R. Waagbø, A. Olsen, O. Breck, S. Stefansson, S. Fivelstad. 2008

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The biological requirements for post-smolt Atlantic salmon in closed-containment systems (2011, background): “Some studies have reported reduced growth rate at 20 mg L−1 and minor effects were found even at 15 mg L−1 (Fivelstad et al., 1999b, 2003a; Hosfeld et al., 2008).”
Cuttlebone calcification increases during exposure to elevated seawater pCO2 in the cephalopod Sepia officinalis (2010, background): “…control growth rates; however, the frequency of calcareous precipitates observed in the kidneys, i.e. nephrocalcinosis, has been found to increase (Anarhichas minor, Foss et al. 2003; Salmo salar, Fivelstad et al. 1999, 2003; Hosfeld et al. 2008; Dicentrarchus labrax, Vandeputte et al. 2009).”