Turbulent boundary layers over a systematically varied rough wall

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Exponential roughness layer and analytical model for turbulent boundary layer flow over rectangular-prism roughness elements (2016, background): “…response through equivalent sand-grain roughness height, friction factor (Simpson 1973), effective slope (Napoli, Armenio & De Marchis 2008; Schultz & Flack 2009), surface skewness factor (Flack & Schultz 2010) and examinations of Reynolds number similarity for rough walls (see, e.g.,…”
Estimation and prediction of the roughness function on realistic surfaces (2014, background): “The smooth-wall profile in the current LES collapses with the experimental data obtained by Schultz and Flack [31].”