Child labor, child schooling, and their interaction with adult labor : empirical evidence for Peru and Pakistan

By R. Ray. 2000

302 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Using data from Peru and Pakistan, this article tests two hypotheses: there is a positive association between hours of child labor and poverty, and there is a negative association between child schooling and poverty. Both of these hypotheses are confirmed by the Pakistani data, but not by the Peruvian data. The reduction in poverty rates due to income from children's labor is greater in Pakistan than in Peru. The nature of interaction between adult and child labor markets varies with the gender of the child and the adult. In Peru rising men's wages significantly reduce the labor hours of girls, whereas in Pakistan there is a strong complementarity between women's and girls' labor markets. Both data sets agree on the positive role that increasing adult education can play in improving child welfare.

Subfields: Gender Studies, Safety Research, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3c7d4a1da2e3169d2c07720c8e897e6d0b14d8cc

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Citations in the corpus

The Joint Estimation of Child Participation in Schooling and Employment: Comparative Evidence from Three Continents (2002, unknown): “Ray (2000b) examines the hours of work and the interaction between child wages and adult wages.”
The Global Child Labor Problem : What Do We Know and What Can We Do? (2003, background): “There is now a small body of literature that analyzes the dynamics of child labor (Basu 1999; Dessy 2000; Razzaz 2001; Hazan and Berdugo 2002; Emerson and Souza 2003; Bell and Gersbach 2001).”
Children’s Schooling and Work in the Presence of a Conditional Cash Transfer Program in Rural Colombia (2010, unknown): “The importance of such characteristics for education and work choices in various developing countries has been well established (e.g., Grootaert and Kanbur 1995; Jensen and Nielsen 1997; Pa-trinos and Psacharopoulos 1997; Ray 2000).”
Children's Working Hours and School Enrollment : Evidence from Pakistan and Nicaragua (2003, unknown): “An exception is Ray (2000), which treats labor supply separately from the household decision to send a child to school.”
Child Labor and Household Wealth: Theory and Empirical Evidence of an Inverted-U (2007, unknown): “This is often treated as an axiom in this literature and there is a lot of evidence that supports this view (for discussion see Basu and Van, 1998; Basu 1999; Ray, 2000; Basu and Tzannatos, 2003; Emerson and Souza, 2003; Edmonds, 2005; Edmonds and Pavcnik, 2005).”
Child Labor and School Achievement in Latin America (2006, background): “Patrinos and Psacharopoulos (1997) and Ravallion and Wodon (2000) found that child labor and school enrollment were not mutually exclusive and could even be complementary activities.”
The influence of market wages and parental history on child labour and schooling in Egypt (2006, background): “For example, Ray (2000a) finds mixed evidence; a positive significant relationship between household poverty and child labour in the case of Pakistan, but not in the case of Peru.”
Girls Count A Global Investment & Action Agenda (2008, background): “In Pakistan a rise in adult female wages was positively associated with girls performing more domestic work (Ray 2000).”
A Theory of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (2005, unknown): “Some help build “character” by teaching punctuality, discipline and rigour which are socially valuable qualities (Ray, 2000) — newspaper delivery, baby-sitting and farm work, for instance.”