Fouling assemblages on offshore wind power plants and adjacent substrata

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The large-scale impact of offshore wind farm structures on pelagic primary productivity in the southern North Sea (2017, background): “An increase in the population of vagile demersal megafauna further impact the local community, leading to increased species diversity (Wilhelmsson & Malm 2008).”
Local effects of blue mussels around turbine foundations in an ecosystem model of Nysted off-shore wind farm, Denmark (2009, background): “Solid structures made for other purposes such as oil platforms, pier pilings, bridge pillars and turbine foundations also function as artificial reefs thereby affecting the local ecosystem in a similar way (Wilhelmsson et al., 2006; Wilhelmsson and Malm, 2008).”
Potential impacts of wave-powered marine renewable energy installations on marine birds (2010, background): “Wave- and windpowered MREIs provide anchorage for a number of sessile species such as Blue Mussels and Acorn Barnacles (Sundberg & Langhamer 2005, Wilhelmsson & Malm 2008, Langhamer et al. 2009).”
Benthic and fish aggregation inside an offshore wind farm: Which effects on the trophic web functioning? (2017, background): “…fish (including commercial species) in the direct proximity of wind farm foundations 77 (Wilhelmsson et al., 2006; Tougard et al., 2006; Wilhelmsson and Malm, 2008; Maar et al., 2009; Reubens et 78 al., 2011; Leonhard et al., 2011; Lindeboom et al., 2011; Bergström et al., 2013;…”