Environmental Kuznets Curve in an Open Economy: A Bounds Testing and Causality Analysis for Tunisia

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What drives carbon dioxide emissions in the long-run? Evidence from selected South Asian Countries (2016, background): “The notable studies that evident such relationship are- (Grossman and Krueger, 1994, Takeda and Matsuura, 2006, Suri and Chapman, 1998, Lopez, 1994; Shahbaz et al., 2013; Shahbaz et al., 2014; Shahbaz et al., 2015; Apergis and Ozturk, 2015; Al-Mulali et al., 2015a; Ahmed and Ozturk, 2016).”
How economic growth, renewable electricity and natural resources contribute to CO2 emissions? (2018, background): “Shahbaz et al. (2014) prove the existence of EKCs between economic growth, electricity consumption and CO2 emissions.”
The impact of economic growth on CO2 emissions in Azerbaijan (2018, background): “58lnGDP10 IUS Farhani and Shahbaz (2014) 1980e2009 MENA COPC, ELCPC, GDPPC, GDPPC2 QLF FMOLS and DOLS.”
Trade Openness and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Tunisia (2019, background): “[13] corroborate an inverted U-shaped relationship between income and CO2 emissions and validated the EKC hypothesis.”