The Economics of Promotion and Relegation in Sports Leagues

By R. Noll. 2002

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Thinking about Competitive Balance (2003, background): “Closed leagues, when combined with reverse-order drafts and revenue sharing, tend to reward failure and punish success, whereas open leagues reward success and punish failure (see Dobson & Goddard, 2001; Noll, 2002; Rosen & Sanderson, 2001.)”
Testing Causality Between Team Performance and Payroll (2002, methodology): “Scully’s (1974) general method has also been used to test for discrimination through the performance regressions.”
Top Clubs’ Performance and the Competitive Situation in European Domestic Football Competitions (2010, background): “Some studies exist that analyzed the impact of specific factors on CB in football leagues, including the promotion and relegation system (Buzzacchi, Szymanski, & Valletti, 2001; 2003; Noll, 2002), the point score system (e.”
Goal! Profit Maximization Versus Win Maximization in Soccer (2009, background): “Under this system the worst performing teams in any division, measured by points won in competition, are replaced automatically at the end of the season by the best performing teams in the immediately junior division (see Noll (2002) and Szymanski and Valletti (2005) for an economic analysis of this”
Factors Underpinning Football Officiating Excellence: Perceptions of English Premier League Referees (2013, background): “The EPL is regarded as one of the most successful sports leagues in the world (Noll, 2002).”