Modeling Diffusion-Induced Stress in Li-Ion Cells with Porous Electrodes

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Battery digital twins: Perspectives on the fusion of models, data and artificial intelligence for smart battery management systems (2020, background): “At high C-rates, this fracture typically occurs more aggressively at the electrode-separator interface due to uneven the reaction current density associated with long ionic diffusion pathways in the electrolyte [6 , 7] .”
A finite strain model of stress, diffusion, plastic flow, and electrochemical reactions in a lithium-ion half-cell (2011, background): “…[Meethong et al. (2007), Tang et al. (2009)] as well as more detailed models which consider collective behavior of an entire microstructure [Garcia et al. (2005), Christensen and Newman (2006), Wang and Sastry (2007), Golmon et al. (2009), Renganathan et al. (2010) and Christensen (2010)].”
Cycle aging of commercial NMC/graphite pouch cells at different temperatures (2015, background): “The increment in capacity is suggested to possibly be due to increased electrode active surface area, resulting from cracking of the positive electrode material grains (‘electrochemical milling’) [39,40].”