Carotid Bifurcation Atherosclerosis: Quantitative Correlation of Plaque Localization with Flow Velocity Profiles and Wall Shear Stress

By C. Zarins, D. Giddens, B. Bharadvaj, V. Sottiurai, R. F. Mabon, S. Glagov. 1983

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Effects of Disturbed Flow on Vascular Endothelium: Pathophysiological Basis and Clinical Perspectives (2011, background): “The nonrandom distribution of atherosclerotic lesions holds true not only for various experimentally induced atherosclerosis (dietary and/or genetic models) and across multiple animal species (monkeys, rabbits, pigs, and rodents), but also for the natural history of this pathological process in huma”
Visualizing stromal cell dynamics in different tumor microenvironments by spinning disk confocal microscopy (2008, background): “It follows that the rapid changes in shear stress (TGS) and low mean shear stress occurring at curves and bifurcations of the aorta, and at the branch points to smaller arteries, are considered to be proatherogenic flow profiles and these areas develop neointimas (early lesions) over time (Cornhill ”
Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli. (2017, background): “Along these lines, post-mortem human carotid artery specimens exhibit the greatest atherosclerotic burden at the outer wall of the vessel, a region subjected to low levels of shear stress and substantial flow reversal (325).”