Too cold to prosper—winter mortality prevents population increase of the introduced American slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata in northern Europe

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Wadden Sea mussel beds invaded by oysters and slipper limpets: competition or climate control? (2006, background): “In the northern Wadden Sea, the severe winters of 1978/1979 and 1995/1996 led to a drastic decrease of the local C. fornicata population (Buhs and Reise 1997; Thieltges et al. 2004).”
Infection dynamics of an oyster parasite in its newly expanded range (2007, background): “Organisms that have expanded into a new range may show very different population structures compared to those in the historic range, having lower densities and more irregular recruitment (Zacherl et al. 2003; Thieltges et al. 2004).”
Introduced Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in the northern Wadden Sea: invasion accelerated by warm summers? (2005, background): “In the Wadden Sea, the American slipper limpet (Crepidula fornicata) is limited by cold winter temperatures and is expected to increase in abundance if climate change should lead to milder winters (Thieltges et al. 2004).”