Energy-minimizing kinematics in hovering insect flight

By Gordon J. Berman, Z. J. Wang. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2007

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Wing Kinematics Optimization for Hovering Micro Air Vehicles Using Calculus of Variation (2013, methodology): “The parameters of the functions are used as design variables in the optimization process [7,11].”
Longitudinal Flight Dynamics of Hovering MAVs/Insects (2014, methodology): “matches well the experimental results of Berman and Wang [24], where AR and a0 are the wing aspect ratio and lift curve slope of the two-dimensional (2-D) airfoil, respectively.”
State-space representation of the unsteady aerodynamics of flapping flight (2014, methodology): “3(c), namely, those of Berman and Wang [8] and Usherwood and Ellington [52].”
Analytical Sensitivity Analysis of an Unsteady Vortex Lattice Method for Flapping Wing Optimization (2009, methodology): “Lower-fidelity quasi-steady blade element methods (see Berman and Wang [4], Beran et al.”
Low-order phenomenological modeling of leading-edge vortex formation (2013, background): “Current strategies for optimization and control rely on traditional quasi-steady models, constructed phenomenologically [4] or obtained experimentally by system identification [20].”