A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955

By John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, N. Rochester, C. Shannon. 2006

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Ethical principles in machine learning and artificial intelligence: cases from the field and possible ways forward (2020, background): “AI became a self-standing discipline in the year 1955 (McCarthy et al., 2006) with signi ﬁ cant development over the last decades.”
MultiWOZ - A Large-Scale Multi-Domain Wizard-of-Oz Dataset for Task-Oriented Dialogue Modelling (2018, background): “Conversational Artificial Intelligence (Conversational AI) is one of the long-standing challenges in computer science and artificial intelligence since the Dartmouth Proposal (McCarthy et al., 1955).”
Digital Twins: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Challenges, Trends and Future Prospects (2022, background): “In fact, the idea of self-improving artiﬁcial systems was part of the original proposal made by McCarthy et al. in 1955 for the Darthmouth Summer Research Project on AI, a project which is also sometimes dubbed as the birthplace of AI [203].”
Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Objectives, Stakeholders, and Future Research Opportunities (2020, background): “Artificial Intelligence (AI), a research area initiated in the 1950ies (Mccarthy et al., 2006), has received significant attention in science and practice.”
Digital technology, tele-medicine and artificial intelligence in ophthalmology: A global perspective (2020, unknown): “The concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) was first discussed in 1956 (McCarthy et al., 2006), referring to technology used to mimic human behaviour.”
Can Generalist Foundation Models Outcompete Special-Purpose Tuning? Case Study in Medicine (2023, background): “A long-term aspiration in AI research is to develop principles of computational intelligence and to harness these to build learning and reasoning systems that can perform general problem solving across a diversity of tasks [21, 22].”
Artificial Intelligence and the Public Sector—Applications and Challenges (2018, background): “Since prospective governmental use cases of AI are already common knowledge in the private sector, the respective know-how could be transferred to (2006, p. 12) The study is to proceed on the basis of the conjecture that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle…”
Emerging Technology and Business Model Innovation: The Case of Artificial Intelligence (2019, background): “Applications include determining how to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, and solve complicated problems [14].”
Role of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Real-Life Clinical Practice: Systematic Review (2020, background): “The term “AI” was coined by McCarthy in the 1950s and refers to a branch of computer science wherein algorithms are developed to emulate human cognitive functions, such as learning, reasoning, and problem solving [6].”
What the Near Future of Artificial Intelligence Could Be (2019, background): “( Quotation from the 2006 re-issue in (McCarthy et al. 2006)) As I have argued before (Floridi 2017), this is obviously a counterfactual: were a human to behave in that way, that behaviour would be called intelligent.”
From Seeing to Moving: A Survey on Learning for Visual Indoor Navigation (VIN) (2020, background): “John McCarthy, who coined the term Artificial Intelligence back in 1955 [McCarthy et al., 2006], defines it as the “science and engineering of making intelligent machines”, in which an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of…”