Variable influenza vaccine effectiveness by subtype: a systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design studies.

By E. Belongia, M. Simpson, J. King, M. Sundaram, Nicholas S. Kelley, M. Osterholm, H. McLean. Lancet. Infectious Diseases (Print), 2016

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Next-Generation Influenza Vaccines. (2020, background): “…in years when there is significant antigenic drift in circulating strains (www.cdc .gov/flu/vaccines-work/past-seasons-estimates .html) (Lloyd et al. 1986; Belongia et al. 2009, 2011, 2016; Griffin et al. 2011; Treanor et al. 2012; Ohmit et al. 2014; McLean et al. 2015; Ferdinands et al. 2019).”
Elicitation of broadly protective immunity to influenza by multivalent hemagglutinin nanoparticle vaccines (2020, background): “Vaccine performance is also blunted when antigenic mismatches occur between the vaccine and circulating strains arising from mispredictions or egg-adapted mutations introduced during vaccine manufacturing 5–9 .”
Multistate design of influenza antibodies improves affinity and breadth against seasonal viruses (2019, background): “In addition, vaccine efficacy has been variable depending on the year (2).”
Interim Estimates of 2017–18 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness — United States, February 2018 (2018, neutral): “VE estimates against A(H3N2) viruses have been lower than estimates against A(H1N1)pdm09 and B viruses for several years (7).”
Design of Nanoparticulate Group 2 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Stem Antigens That Activate Unmutated Ancestor B Cell Receptors of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Lineages (2018, background): “effectiveness against H3N2 over the past decade has averaged only 33% (19), recent”