Non-Interest Income and Total Income Stability

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Foreign bank diversification and efficiency prior to and during the financial crisis: Does one business model fit all? (2015, background): “Some find that increased reliance on non-interest income has stabilized profits (Smith et al., 2003; Chiarozzo et al., 2008).”
Banking stability determinants in Africa (2018, unknown): “Non-interest income (NII) measures profit diversification in the banking sector and reflects the banking sector’s reliance on fee-based and non-interest source of funds as opposed to their reliance on interest income (Smith et al, 2003; Williams, 2016; Ozili 2017a).”
Non-performing loans and financial development: new evidence (2019, background): “Another determinant is non-interest income to total income (NII) ratio (see, Smith et al, 2003; DeYoung and Rice, 2004; Ozili, 2017c).”
European banking: An overview (2007, methodology): “The more refined typology adopted in Vander Vennet’s (2002) study, based on 1995–96 data for 17 European countries, distinguishes between specialized banks, universal banks and financial conglomerates.”