Air stable polymer photovoltaics based on a process free from vacuum steps and fullerenes

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A Review on the Development of the Inverted Polymer Solar Cell Architecture (2010, background): “14 – 16 Most of the research attention for these inverted device architectures has been to understand how to improve the device efficiency, stability, and processing of the different interface layers in the device structure.”
Inverted organic solar cells using a solution processed aluminum-doped zinc oxide buffer layer (2011, methodology): “Ag), which are also compatible to printing processes, can be employed to form a non-transparent top contact [6].”
Recent development of the inverted configuration organic solar cells (2011, background): “However, many basic physical and mechanical problems, such as the interfacial states between organic electron donor/acceptor, between organic materials/inorganic semiconductor, and between organic materials/metal, stability/degradation of cells, morphology control, and the role of ultrathin interlay”
Highly durable inverted-type organic solar cell using amorphous titanium oxide as electron collection electrode inserted between ITO and organic layer (2008, unknown): “4 ITO/ZnO/ZnO:poly-(3-carboxydithiophene) (P3CT)/PEDOT:PSS/Ag inverted type solar cells without sealing maintained 80 % of the initial performance for continuous illumination for 100 h in an ambient atmosphere [15].”