Intercontinental Spread and Continuing Evolution of the Dutch Elm Disease Pathogens

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Novel associations between pathogens, insects and tree species threaten world forests (2010, background): “Little is known regarding hybridisation amongst tree pathogens, but there is growing evidence that this process is probably more common than has previously been appreciated (Brasier, 2000b, 2001).”
Fungal Associates of European Bark Beetles With Special Emphasis on the Ophiostomatoid Fungi (2007, background): “is an untypical bark beetle-fungus-host relationship, since it is driven by an introduced pathogen that came in contact with highly susceptible host trees (Brasier 2000).”
Xylem vessel diameter as a factor in resistance of Ulmus minor to Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi (2002, background): “Two DED pandemics have spread across Europe over the last century (BRASIER 2000), and these have killed the majority of the adult ®eld elms.”
Ecological effects of invasive alien insects (2008, background): “The European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) is the vector of the infamous Dutch elm disease, Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) Nannf., and O. noviulmi (Brasier) in North America (Brasier 2000).”