Holocene vegetation change and the mammal faunas of South America and Africa

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Identifying global zoogeographical regions: lessons from Wallace (2013, background): “…of the Sahara and Sahel has repeatedly shifted southwards and northwards (Foley et al., 2003) and that in some periods (e.g. the early Holocene), the Sahara was replaced entirely by wooded savanna in which giraffe, hippopotamus, elephant and bovids were abundant (de Vivo & Carmignotto, 2004).”
Did Humans Cause the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Mammalian Extinctions in South America in a Context of Shrinking Open Areas? (2009, background): “J World Prehistory 16:313–359 Gruhn R (1997) The South American context of the Pedra Pintada site in Brazil.”
Global decline in aggregated migrations of large terrestrial mammals (2009, background): “For South America, increases in forest cover at the expense of grasslands during the mid-Holocene likely contributed to the loss of largebodied mammalian fauna and migrations (de Vivo & Carmignotto 2004).”
The diversification of eastern South American open vegetation biomes: Historical biogeography and perspectives (2011, background): “Some animal disjunct populations inhabiting the northern and central South American savannas have been proposed as evidence for such connections (de Vivo and Carmignotto, 2004; Quijada-Mascareñas et al., 2007).”