Physical Activity and Coronary Heart Disease in Men: The Harvard Alumni Health Study

By H. Sesso, R. Paffenbarger, I. Lee. Circulation, 2000

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Exercise is the real polypill. (2013, background): “Thus, although regular exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with a significant reduction in cardiac events (165, 329, 442), it seems that the benefits of regular exercise go beyond reducing traditional CVD risk factors.”
Effect of exercise training on endothelium‐derived nitric oxide function in humans (2004, background): “Exercise training is associated with reduction in primary (Hakin et al. 1999; Sesso et al. 2000; Myers et al. 2002) and secondary vascular events (Jolliffe et al. 2001), but the effect of exercise on conventional risk factors (Blair et al. 1984; Tran & Weltman, 1985; Holloszy et al. 1986; Blair,…”
Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease. (2005, background): “Total physical activity and vigorous activities associate inversely and strongly with CAD risk (349), as Blair et al.”
Physical Activity and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease—A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies (2012, background): “included the following endpoints: 12 studies with fatal or non-fatal manifestation of CHD [17-28], and nine studies with fatal or non-fatal stroke [29-37] (see Table 1).”
Long-term health benefits of physical activity – a systematic review of longitudinal studies (2013, neutral): “Two studies [20,21] showed that a minimum additional energy expenditure of 1,000 to 2,000 kcal per week is necessary to achieve health related results.”