Rare Earth Elements: Minerals, Mines, Magnets (and More)

By A. Chakhmouradian, F. Wall. 2012

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Life-Cycle Assessment of the Production of Rare-Earth Elements for Energy Applications: A Review (2014, background): “The Mountain Pass mine in California, which operated by Moly- Corp and dominated the world REE production for decades (accounting for 70% of the world's supply in the 1970s and 1980s), closed in 2002 (Bourzac, 2010; Chakhmouradian and Wall, 2012; Shujing, 2013).”
Rare Earth Elements Recovery from Waste Fluorescent Lamps: A Review (2015, background): “These product fields include petroleum refining, metallurgical additives and alloys, glass polishing and ceramics, permanent magnets, phosphors, automotive catalytic converters, and others (Chakhmouradian and Wall, 2012; Gibson and Parkinson, 2011; National Development and Reform Commission, 2012; P”
The Rare Earth Elements: Demand, Global Resources, and Challenges for Resourcing Future Generations (2018, background): “Natural REE deposits can be divided into a number of different categories on the basis of their geological associations, and various publications have used similar sets of categories (Chakhmouradian and Wall 2012; Wall 2014; Goodenough et al. 2016; Verplanck and Hitzman 2016).”
Lunar resources (2014, background): “Hatch, 2012), but which can be environmentally damaging to extract (British Geological Survey, 2011; Chakhmouradian and Wall, 2012).”