Iodine deficiency.
By M. Zimmermann. Endocrine reviews, 2009
1,072 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects in humans, termed iodine deficiency disorders, due to inadequate thyroid hormone production. Globally, it is estimated that 2 billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake, and South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are particularly affected. However, about 50% of Europe remains mildly iodine deficient, and iodine intakes in other industrialized countries, including the United States and Australia, have fallen in recent years. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and infancy may impair growth and neurodevelopment of the offspring and increase infant mortality. Deficiency during childhood reduces somatic growth and cognitive and motor function. Assessment methods include urinary iodine concentration, goiter, newborn TSH, and blood thyroglobulin. But assessment of iodine status in pregnancy is difficult, and it remains unclear whether iodine intakes are sufficient in this group, leading to calls for iodine supplementation during pregnancy in several industrialized countries. In most countries, the best strategy to control iodine deficiency in populations is carefully monitored universal salt iodization, one of the most cost-effective ways to contribute to economic and social development. Achieving optimal iodine intakes from iodized salt (in the range of 150-250 microg/d for adults) may minimize the amount of thyroid dysfunction in populations. Ensuring adequate iodine status during parenteral nutrition has become important, particularly in preterm infants, as the use of povidone-iodine disinfectants has declined. Introduction of iodized salt to regions of chronic iodine deficiency may transiently increase the incidence of thyroid disorders, but overall, the relatively small risks of iodine excess are far outweighed by the substantial risks of iodine deficiency.
Subfields: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Surgery
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/36d6c786f25fa5098829db846fea34cd9d5735a8
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In Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
In Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
In Surgery
Citations in the corpus
- Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and Postpartum (2011, background): “Since 1990, the number of households worldwide using iodized salt has risen from less than 20% to more than 70% (146).”
- Food system strategies for preventing micronutrient malnutrition (2013, background): “Countries in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa have the highest prevalences of low intakes but the problem also exists, albeit on a milder level, in more developed regions including Europe, the US, and Australia (Zimmermann, 2009).”
- Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. (2012, neutral): “Thyroid hormone is produced by the thyroid gland, which consists of follicles in which thyroid hormone is synthesized through iodination of tyrosine residues in the glycoprotein thyroglobulin (6, 7).”