Photoinhibition from chronic herbicide exposure reduces reproductive output of reef-building corals

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Herbicides increase the vulnerability of corals to rising sea surface temperature (2011, background): “2009) and subsequent reductions in reproductive output (Cantin et al. 2007).”
The Hidden and External Costs of Pesticide Use (2016, background): “These concentrations may be high enough (Lewis et al. 2012 ) to have deleterious effects on corals (Cantin et al. 2007 ; Jones et al. 2003 ; Negri et al. 2011 ), seagrasses (Flores et al. 2013 ), foraminifera (van Dam et al. 2012 ), benthic microalgae (Magnusson et al. 2008 , 2010 , 2012 ) and…”
Juvenile corals can acquire more carbon from high-performance algal symbionts (2009, background): “Unlike high temperature and irradiation stresses, DCMU exposure influences the symbiont’s performance without directly affecting the coral host (Schreiber et al. 1997; Negri et al. 2005; Cantin et al. 2007), therefore enabling the effects of photoinhibition to be distinguished between symbiont types”