Volatile anaesthetics may be the main cause of early but not delayed postoperative vomiting: a randomized controlled trial of factorial design.

By C. Apfel, Peter Kranke, M. Katz, C. Goepfert, T. Papenfuss, S. Rauch, R. Heineck, C. Greim, N. Roewer. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2002

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Risk Factors for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (2006, background): “* No significant gender differences are seen in prepubescent pediatric patients (35,36); †Children have twice the vomiting incidence as adults (5,25); ‡Each 30 min increase in duration of surgery increases baseline PONV risk by 60% (17).”
Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia Guidelines for the Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (2007, background): “Baseline risk for PONV can also be reduced by minimizing intraoperative and postoperative opioids (3,13,15,17,18,28,43,48).”
Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (2014, background): “…Use of propofol for induction and maintenance of anesthesia 47 (A1) Avoidance of nitrous oxide 43,54,55 (A1) Avoidance of volatile anesthetics 47,2121,47 (A2) Minimization of intraoperative (A2) and postoperative opioids 9,21,25,54,56–58 (A1) Adequate hydration 261,325 (A1) GA = general anesthesia.”
Consensus Guidelines for Managing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (2003, background): “Even in larger doses, metoclopramide does not appear to be an effective antiemetic ( 20 ).”