Testing the Pollution Haven Effect: Does the Type of FDI Matter?

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How does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Pollution? Toward a Better Understanding of the Direct and Conditional Effects (2015, unknown): “…[oil] resources (Dam and Scholtens 2012); (iv) the MNCs’ motives, such as vertical/efficiency-seeking or horizontal/market-seeking (Rezza 2013; Tang 2015); (v) corruption level in the host country and pollution intensity of MNCs (Manderson and Kneller 2012); (vi) externalities associated…”
Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment (2017, background): “Tang finds that host country environmental stringency has a negative impact on both export-oriented and local-market-oriented types of FDI and that the impact is greater for the former.”
Revisiting the CO2 emission-induced EKC hypothesis in South Asia: the role of Export Quality Improvement (2020, background): “Finally, the sign of the elasticity parameter attached to ln FDI can be anticipated to exhibit ambiguity as well since the nature of the FDI and the industry in which the foreign funds are being invested (Tang 2015) determine the movements in the volumes of CO2E.”