Sharpening our thinking about polar cap ionospheric patch morphology, research, and mitigation techniques

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Global imaging of polar cap patches with dual airglow imagers (2014, background): “Although there are many different generation processes of patches proposed so far [Carlson, 2012, and references therein], most of them employed periodic flow bursts due to transient dayside reconnection as a process capturing the daytime high-density plasma into the polar cap as patches [e.g.,…”
Space weather challenges of the polar cap ionosphere (2017, background): “For IMF BZ north, illustrated by the two top panels a and b (Kp = 0), in addition to auroral precipitation in the oval, we expect transpolar arcs and flow shears in the polar cap that potentially may generate irregularities (Carlson 2012).”