On spray formation

By P. Marmottant, E. Villermaux. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2004

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Atomization by jet impact (2006, background): “In the viscous limit, ligaments are stretched longer, and are therefore thinner at breakup, producing smaller drop sizes, and also narrower distributions (see e.g. Marmottant & Villermaux 2004b).”
Multiscale simulation of atomization with small droplets represented by a Lagrangian point-particle model (2014, background): “The decay rate can be characterized by a length scale λ1, which is considered as the “average ligament size” in [38].”
A balanced force refined level set grid method for two-phase flows on unstructured flow solver grids (2008, background): “For example, during the atomization of liquid jets by coaxial fast-moving gas streams, the details of the formation of small-scale drops from aerodynamically stretched out ligaments is governed by capillary forces [32].”
Secondary breakup of a drop at moderate Weber numbers (2015, background): “Similar structures have been observed during the high-speed gasassisted atomization of a liquid jet [60].”