Retinal specializations in the blue marlin: eyes designed for sensitivity to low light levels

By K. Fritsches, N. Marshall, E. Warrant. 2003

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The biology and ecology of the ocean sunfish Mola mola: a review of current knowledge and future research perspectives (2009, background): “Visual acuity, calculated from peak ganglion cell densities, was between 3.51 and 4.33 cycles per degree, comparable to adult sharks (2.8–3.7 cycles per degree; Kino et al. 2009) but much lower than adult blue marlin, Makaira nigricans (8.5 cycles per degree; Fritsches et al. 2003 ).”
Bigeye Tuna (Thunnus obesus) behaviour and phisiology and their relevance to stock assessments and fishery biology (2005, background): “More recent studies on yellowfin tuna (Loew et al. 2002) and striped marlin (Fritsches et al. 2000, 2003b) have shown that these animals do possess several different visual pigments in their retinal cone cells, which is a prerequisite for color vision.”
Hypoxia-based habitat compression of tropical pelagic fishes (2006, background): “This diving behavior is no doubt facilitated by their brain heater (Block, 1986) that permits ocular and physical function at low temperatures (Block, 1986; Block and Finnerty, 1994; Fritsches et al., 2003,2005).”