Super-resolving phase measurements with a multiphoton entangled state

By Morgan W. Mitchell, Jeff S. Lundeen, Aephraim M. Steinberg. Nature, 2003

699 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Interference phenomena are ubiquitous in physics, often forming the basis of demanding measurements. Examples include Ramsey interferometry in atomic spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction in crystallography and optical interferometry in gravitational-wave studies. It has been known for some time that the quantum property of entanglement can be exploited to perform super-sensitive measurements, for example in optical interferometry or atomic spectroscopy. The idea has been demonstrated for an entangled state of two photons, but for larger numbers of particles it is difficult to create the necessary multiparticle entangled states. Here we demonstrate experimentally a technique for producing a maximally entangled three-photon state from initially non-entangled photons. The method can in principle be applied to generate states of arbitrary photon number, giving arbitrarily large improvement in measurement resolution. The method of state construction requires non-unitary operations, which we perform using post-selected linear-optics techniques similar to those used for linear-optics quantum computing.

Subfields: Artificial Intelligence, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/34dafe133651c56d47c6f953a0c8ccf7b5167316

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Citations in the corpus

Quantum limits in optical interferometry (2014, background): “This fact supports the choice of NOON -like states in the quantum-enhanced experiments with small number of particles (Krischek et al., 2011; Mitchell et al., 2004; Nagata et al., 2007; Okamoto et al., 2008; Resch et al., 2007; Xiang et al., 2010).”
Quantum optical metrology – the lowdown on high-N00N states (2008, background): “Then in 2004 the N = 2 barrier was breached in two back-to-back papers appearing in Nature ; the group of Steinberg demonstrated super resolution for N = 3, and the group of Zeilinger did so for N = 4 [ 37-39 ].”
Squeezed states of light and their applications in laser interferometers (2016, methodology): “Proposals to use Fock states and the so-called N00N states for optimizing interferometer sensitivities [Holland and Burnett (1993); Dowling (1998); Mitchell et al. (2004); Afek et al. (2010)] are thus only applicable when the experiment is conditioned on zero photon loss.”
Photonic quantum technologies (2009, background): “Beating the SQL is known as phase super-sensitivit”
Nonlinear optical signals and spectroscopy with quantum light (2016, methodology): “In the field of quantum-enhanced measurements, entanglement may be employed to enhance the resolution beyond the Heisenberg limit (Giovannetti et al., 2004, 2006; Mitchell et al., 2004).”
Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2008, background): “…has many interesting applications including tests of foundations of quantum theory (Howell et al., 2002), phase sensitive measurements (Holland and Burnett, 1993; Mitchell et al., 2004) and quantum photolithography beyond the classical diffraction limit (Boto et al., 2000; Kok et al., 2001).”
The elusive Heisenberg limit in quantum-enhanced metrology (2012, background): “Therefore, it is enough to parameterize equivalent Kraus representations in equation (12) with a hermitian matrix h, which is generator of u(φ) = exp[ − ih(φ − φ0)].”