Dissolution of cathode active material of spent Li-ion batteries using tartaric acid and ascorbic acid mixture to recover Co

By G. P. Nayaka, K. V. Pai, G. Santhosh, J. Manjanna. 2016

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A Review on Environmental, Economic and Hydrometallurgical Processes of Recycling Spent Lithium-ion Batteries (2020, methodology): “…acids are environmentally friendly, and some of them, such as critic acid (Nayaka et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2018), ascorbic acid (Li et al. 2012; Nayaka et al. 2016a), succinic acid (Li et al. 2015), oxalic acid (Sun and Qiu 2012), tartaric acid (He et al. 2017a; Nayaka et al. 2016a), DL-malic…”
The Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: a Review of Current Processes and Technologies (2018, background): “1 3 precipitants include sodium hydroxide, oxalic acid, ammonium oxalate, and sodium carbonate, all of which can react with cobalt and lithium ions to form insoluble precipitates of cobalt hydroxide [50, 116], cobalt oxalate [35, 81, 101, 107, 110, 112, 117, 118], lithium phosphate [70, 91, 101, 119”
Lithium-ion battery recycling processes: Research towards a sustainable course (2018, unknown): “Working with strong acids increases process costs and complexity, prompting several studies proposing use of organic acids [17][18].”