Deep-sea mud in the Pacific Ocean as a potential resource for rare-earth elements

By Y. Kato, K. Fujinaga, Kentaro Nakamura, Y. Takaya, Kenichi Kitamura, J. Ohta, Ryuichi Toda, T. Nakashima, H. Iwamori. 2011

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How researchers see this paper

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Rare earth elements as critical raw materials: Focus on international markets and future strategies (2013, background): “The problem is that these resources are very deep (from 3500 to 6000 m) and their extraction currently meets serious technical and, above all, economic difficulties (Kato et al., 2011).”
Life-Cycle Assessment of the Production of Rare-Earth Elements for Energy Applications: A Review (2014, background): “Japanese scientists have begun to explore the Pacific Ocean for REEs and have shown substantial reserve potential (Kato et al., 2011).”
Hard Magnetic Materials: A Perspective (2011, background): “throughout the world, including recently-discovered reserves in deep-sea mud in the Pacific Ocean [28], current rare-earth oxide production and magnet manufacture is concentrated to a large degree in China, where national interests may clash with purely”
Rare Earth Elements: Overview of Mining, Mineralogy, Uses, Sustainability and Environmental Impact (2014, background): “However, the work [29] suggests that significant ocean rare earth sediments may arise from hydrothermal plumes from the East Pacific Rise and the Juan de Fuca Ridge.”