NORMALIZATION AND LEGITIMATION: MODELING STIGMATIZING ATTITUDES TOWARD EX‐OFFENDERS*

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A Meta-Analysis of Public Attitudes Toward Ex-Offenders (2016, background): “Identification as politically conservative (Hirschfield & Piquero, 2010; Locke, 2010; Mancini et al., 2010) or a Republican (S. Park, 2009) is frequently associated with less favorable attitudes toward ex-offenders compared with identification as politically liberal or a Democrat.”
Once a Criminal, Always a Criminal?: ‘Redeemability’ and the Psychology of Punitive Public Attitudes (2009, background): “Hirschfield and Piquero (2008) attribute the finding that older respondents were more supportive of rehabilitation than younger sample members in a US-based study to cohort effects – those over 50 were exposed to the heyday of the rehabilitative ideal in the 1950s and 1960s (see Garland 2001).”
If One Doesn’t Get You Another One Will (2012, background): “…acknowledgement that overcoming the stigma of incarceration may be an important dimension in “successful” prisoner reintegration (see for example, Hirschfield & Piquero, 2010; Maruna & LeBel, 2003; Rose & Clear, 2003), quantitative research on this subject is scarce (for an exception see…”