Preoperative radiotherapy for resectable rectal cancer: A meta-analysis.

By C. Cammà, M. Giunta, F. Fiorica, L. Pagliaro, A. Craxì, M. Cottone. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 2000

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Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) guidelines 2016 for the treatment of colorectal cancer (2012, background): “However, there is controversy as to whether there is improvement in the survival rate [108, 109].”
Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment for Stage 0 Distal Rectal Cancer Following Chemoradiation Therapy: Long-term Results (2004, background): “Patients with stage III may have greater reduction in recurrence rates when compared with patients with stage II.(24,27) Preoperative CRT may also result in tumor downstaging, leading to significant primary tumor size reduction, depth of penetration, and possibly lymph node sterilization.”
Preoperative multimodality therapy improves disease-free survival in patients with carcinoma of the rectum: NSABP R-03. (2009, background): “Radiotherapy and surgical resection are standard components of therapy for patients with stage II/III carcinoma of the rectum.(1,2) Numerous randomized trials have investigated the impact of dose modifications and preoperative/postoperative administration in an effort to improve safety without compr”