The co-ordination and regulation of movements

By N. A. Bernshteĭn. 1967

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

Muscle synergy patterns as physiological markers of motor cortical damage (2012, methodology): “In the last few years, we and others (2, 3) have pursued this approach to shed light on old questions such as how the motor system circumvents the need to control its large number of degrees of freedom (4) through a flexible combination of motor modules in both animals and humans.”
Principles derived from the study of simple skills do not generalize to complex skill learning (2002, background): “…has been proposed to increase with increases in reaction time (RT; e.g., Henry & Rogers, 1964; Klapp, 1995), movement time (MT; e.g., Fitts, 1954), response errors/variability (e.g., Schmidt, Zelaznik,Hawkins, Frank, & Quinn, 1979), or number of degrees of freedom (e.g., Bernstein, 1967).”
Activity theory: History, research and application (2000, background): “Bernshtein (1967) also introduced the concept of levels of regulation of movements and actions.”
Motor Synergies and the Equilibrium-Point Hypothesis (2010, background): “Assume that the neural control of movement is hierarchical and that, at each level of the hierarchy, the input is low-dimensional as compared with the output (cf. the problem of motor redundancy, Bernstein 1967; Figure 1).”