Birder Specialization Differences in Conservation Involvement, Demographics, and Motivations

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Feeding birds in our towns and cities: a global research opportunity (2008, result): “Interestingly, studies of support for conservation among bird watchers has yielded mixed results with some finding strong conservation interest and motivation while for others this was less certain (McFarlane 1994, Hvenegaard 2002).”
Using Recreation Specialization to Understand Multi-Attribute Management PReferences (2006, background): “The three groups used were consistent with previous study efforts (e.g., Hvenegaard, 2002; Martin, 1997; Scott et al., 2005) and perhaps more amenable to management with each implementation.”
Serious Leisure and Recreation Specialization (2008, unknown): “Moreover, birdwatching has often been used in case studies of specialization (Boxall & McFarlane, 1993; Hvenegaard, 2002; Kellert, 1985; Kim, Scott, & Crompton, 1997; McFarlane, 1994).”
Measuring Specialization among Birders: Utility of a Self-Classification Measure (2005, methodology): “64 D. Scott et al. Cluster analysis has also been used to create empirically based groupings of anglers (Chipman & Helfrich (1988), campers (McIntyre & Pigram, 1992), and birdwatchers (McFarlane, 1994; Hvenegaard, 2002; Scott & Thipgen, 2003).”