Early Exposure to Common Anesthetic Agents Causes Widespread Neurodegeneration in the Developing Rat Brain and Persistent Learning Deficits

By V. Jevtovic-Todorovic, R. Hartman, Y. Izumi, N. Benshoff, K. Dikranian, C. Zorumski, J. Olney, D. Wozniak. Journal of Neuroscience, 2003

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Early Exposure to Anesthesia and Learning Disabilities in a Population-Based Birth Cohort (2009, positive): “histologic neurodegeneration was associated with a diminished capacity to retain learned behaviors.(7) It is not known”
Association Between a Single General Anesthesia Exposure Before Age 36 Months and Neurocognitive Outcomes in Later Childhood (2016, neutral): “4,5 However, it remains unclear if these findings are applicable to children and if pediatric anesthesia might have negative neurodevelopmental effects.”
Web-based method for translating neurodevelopment from laboratory species to humans (2007, background): “For example, prolonged anesthesia alters neuronal cell survival in the developing rat brain (Ikonomidou et al., 1999; Jevtovic-Todorovic et al., 2003; Olney, 2004) but rodent studies cannot tell us how long human infants can be anesthetized safely without similar morphological or developmental conse”