Physical Basis for the Temperature-Based Melt-Index Method

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Key indicators of Arctic climate change: 1971–2017 (2019, background): “The connection is through the long demonstrated simple melting degree days relationship (e.g. Braithwaite 1995) but also connected with downward longwave irradiance (Ohmura 2001) and surface albedo reduction associated with increased melting (Hock 2003).”
Model smoothing strategies to remove microscale discontinuities and spurious secondary optima in objective functions in hydrological calibration (2007, methodology): “[12] Approach (4) is often adequate because the air temperature T (in practice expressed as daily mean, daytime mean or maximum daily value) correlates with the radiation fluxes [Ohmura, 2001].”
An enthalpy formulation for glaciers and ice sheets (2012, methodology): “In glaciological applications, it is common (e.g. Ohmura, 2001) to use the 2m air temperature, T2m, as a surrogate for ice surface temperature.”
Modelling Antarctic and Greenland volume changes during the 20th and 21st centuries forced by GCM time slice integrations (2004, methodology): “This method to calculate the melt has been shown to be sufficiently accurate for most practical purposes, and seems more justified on physical grounds than often assumed (Ohmura, 2001).”