Competition and facilitation between tree species change with stand development

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Multiple factors modulate tree growth complementarity in Central European mixed forests (2018, background): “…for the interactions between stand and mixture variables supported our first hypothesis that the modulating effects of stand density and development stage are important to consider when examining complementarity patterns (Cavard et al., 2011; Forrester & Pretzsch, 2015; Garber & Maguire, 2004).”
Drought induced decline could portend widespread pine mortality at the xeric ecotone in managed mediterranean pine-oak woodlands (2014, background): “, 2011) and complementary functionalities between species can help them to optimize environmental resources in mixed stands (Cavard et al., 2011; Luo and Chen, 2011).”
Forest productivity increases with evenness, species richness and trait variation: a global meta‐analysis (2012, background): “Furthermore, these mechanisms may change and grow in number with stand development and site environments (Maestre et al. 2009; Cavard et al. 2011; Chen & Taylor 2011), as comprehensively documented for herbaceous communities (Isbell et al.”
Tree species diversity increases fine root productivity through increased soil volume filling (2013, methodology): “‡Understorey vegetation biomass was estimated from allometric equations developed for the study sites (Cavard et al. 2011a).”