Foreign direct investment and decoupling between energy and gross domestic product in developing countries

By Otavio Mielnik, J. Goldemberg. 2002

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Energy intensity and investment ownership across Chinese provinces (2013, methodology): “On the aggregate level, Mielnik and Goldemberg (2002) carried out a standard Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis for 20 developing countries for the years 1987 to 1998 and concluded that FDI reduces energy intensity.”
Effects of changing trade structure and technical characteristics of the manufacturing sector on energy intensity in Ghana (2014, methodology): “Also, Mielnik and Goldenberg [32] estimate of the univariate model using OLS raises concern as OLS regression of non-stationary series produce spurious result and a suspect of endogeneity and serial correlation problems.”
T ra nsna tio na l linka ge s a nd t he spill ove r of env iro n m ent- ef fi ci ency into develo pi ng c ountri es (2009, positive): “Yet sectoral effects are unlikely to explain the discrepancy between our result for FDI and previous, large-N work which has found that inward FDI is associated with higher levels of CO2-efficiency (Mielnik and Goldemberg, 2002, Perkins and Neumayer, 2008).”