Combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment of azo dyes--a short review of bioreactor studies.

By F. P. van der Zee, S. Villaverde. Water Research, 2005

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Microaerophilic–aerobic sequential decolourization/biodegradation of textile azo dyes by a facultative Klebsiella sp. strain VN-31 (2009, background): “However, although in some cases biodegradation of the dye cleavage products was demonstrated [43], it is difficult to predict the fate of aromatic amines during the anaerobic–aerobic treatment of azo dyes, because it is not clear whether their removal is due to biodegradation, adsorption or chemical”
Microbial decolorization and degradation of synthetic dyes: a review (2013, methodology): “The type and availability of electron donors are important in achieving good colour removal in bioreactors operated under anaerobic conditions (Van der Zee and Villaverde 2005).”
Biological methods for textile dye removal from wastewater: A review (2017, background): “Van der Zee and Villaverde([126]) conducted anaerobic studies and found that organic carbon is needed as the energy source for catabolizing dyes into decolorized water under anaerobic environment.”
Biodegradation of textile azo dyes by a facultative Staphylococcus arlettae strain VN-11 using a sequential microaerophilic/aerobic process. (2009, background): “…was demonstrated (Coughlin et al., 2003), it is difficult to predict the fate of the aromatic amines during the anaerobic/aerobic treatment of azo dyes, because it is not clear whether their removal was due to biodegradation, adsorption or chemical reactions (Van Der Zee and Villaverde, 2005).”