Some Signals and Rules for Taking Speaking Turns in Conversations

By Starkey Duncan. 1972

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Generative Spoken Dialogue Language Modeling (2022, background): “Decades-long research on conversation analysis (Duncan, 1972; Sacks et al., 1974; Schegloff, 2000; Gravano and Hirschberg, 2011; Levinson and Torreira, 2015; Ward, 2019) has shown that human turn-taking relies on a variety of complex signals, or cues, including prosodic cues, linguistic cues and…”
A Finite-State Turn-Taking Model for Spoken Dialog Systems (2009, background): “Decades of research on Conversation Analysis and psycholin-guistics (Duncan, 1972; Sacks et al., 1974; Ore-str¨om, 1983; Schegloff, 2000; Wesseling and van Son, 2005) have shown that human turn-taking behavior relies on a wide range of rules and signals at many different levels of language, from…”
Addressee backchannels steer narrative development (2014, background): “In consideration of turn-taking and related phenomena, backchannels have been viewed as markers involved in indicating which participants within a conversation may hold the floor next (Duncan, 1972, 1974; Duncan and Fiske, 1977; Sacks et al., 1974).”
Data-driven models for timing feedback responses in a Map Task dialogue system (2014, background): “Duncan (1972) observed that human interlocutors continuously monitor cues, such as content, syntax, intonation, paralanguage, and body motion, in parallel to manage turn-taking.”
Research on the Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication: Emerging Integrations (2002, methodology): “After analyzing only two interviews, Duncan (1972) identified certain “turn-relinquishing” signals (linguistic, paralinguistic, and kinesic) whereby speakers could give the conversational floor to the other person (the sequential relationship).”
Trust in humanoid robots: implications for services marketing (2019, background): “Although humans use gaze cues to clarify their turn-taking intentions (Duncan, 1972), they are unable to change the colour of their eyes.”
Timing in turn-taking and its implications for processing models of language (2015, background): “Garvey and Berninger (1981) showed that the gap duration increased toward a second and a half in toddlers, presumably because of the cognitive difficulties of language production, and remained at around a second even for 5-year-olds [this slow convergence with adult norms has recently been confirmed”
Talking Back: "Small" Interactional Response Tokens in Everyday Conversation (2003, background): “A wide variety of phenomena, from body language to pitch changes, pauses, and syntactic completion, may contribute to such judgments (see Duncan, 1972, 1974; Ford & Thompson, 1996; Jucker, 1986).”
Gaze Direction Signals Response Preference in Conversation (2017, background): “Outside of conversation analysis, however, the regulatory function of gaze became a central part of the cue-based model of turn taking developed by Duncan et al. (Duncan, 1972; Duncan, Brunner, & Fiske, 1979; Duncan & Fiske, 1977) and continues to garner attention (e.g., Bavelas et al., 2002; Ho et ”
Cooperative and Intrusive Interruptions in Inter- and Intracultural Dyadic Discourse (2001, background): “Following Duncan (1972), the possibility of an interruption was excluded if one or more of the following turn-yielding signals occurred: a rise or fall in pitch at the end of a clause or a drawl on the final syllable.”