Partial migration in expanding red deer populations at northern latitudes – a role for density dependence?

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Challenges and science-based implications for modern management and conservation of European ungulate populations (2017, background): “Many ungulate populations are partially migratory, which means that only a proportion of the population migrates, while the remainder stays resident on the same range year-round (Cagnacci et al. 2011; Mysterud et al. 2011).”
Partial migration in roe deer: migratory and resident tactics are end points of a behavioural gradient determined by ecological factors (2011, background): “Mysterud et al. (2011) suggested that minimal residence time of migratory red deer in winter habitats is supported by the avoidance of competition, although they did not consider a higher quality of summer range as a necessary condition for migration to occur (Mysterud 1999).”