Toll-like receptor function and signaling.

By T. Kaisho, Shizuo Akira. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2006

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Emerging Role of Endosomal Toll-Like Receptors in Rheumatoid Arthritis (2013, background): “Interestingly, an association has been observed between RA susceptibility and a polymorphism in IRF5; a transcription factor downstream of the endosomal TLRs, involved in the production of IFN (42).”
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: sensing nucleic acids in viral infection and autoimmune diseases (2008, background): “MyD88 serves as a key adaptor molecule that functions to recruit IL-1-receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) to almost all TLRs (except TLR3) and to the IL-1 recepto”
Pattern Recognition Receptors and the Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection (2011, background): “These receptors signal as dimers, differentially recruiting the adaptor proteins Mal (MyD88 adapter-like), also called TIRAP (TIR domain-containing adaptor protein) and MyD88 (Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88) and/or TRIF (TIR-domain-containing adaptor inducing IFNβ) and TRAM (Trif-r”
The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease (2011, background): “TLRs are highly conserved transmembrane proteins that have an important role in the detection of microbial pathogens and in the recognition of endogenous danger signals released following tissue damage, such as heat shock protein”